7463. Three spines in anal fin; soft rays 7-19. Cryptacanthodidae - (Wrymouths) Eastern Atlantic (including the Mediterranean), Indian and Pacific Oceans. 7463); especially diverse in South African and southern Australian waters (Ref. The depressed head, its flattened ventral surface, combined with the broad pectoral and pelvic fins are hydrodynamically attuned to the swift-flowing currents. The sagitta features an anterocaudal pseudocolliculum having a long and thick ventral part which is separated from the crista inferior by a long, deep and sharp furrow (Gaemers, 1985). Anterior dorsal fin with 3-9 spines; the second having 1 spine and usually 18-37 soft rays. Frequently burrow in sand. Spawning takes place in open water near the surface. The stomach has an extendible blind pouch (Zihler, 1982) Mouthbrooding species are usually biparental, and eggs are guarded on a substrate prior to oral incubation which starts with advanced eggs or newly hatched larvae. Adapt well to aquarium conditions. Caudal peduncle slender. 94100). Continuous dorsal fin with 12-43 unbranched soft rays. Vomerine teeth present. Therefore, Coius has been put in synonymy with Anabas and genus and species included in Anabantidae (Kottelat, 2000; CAS_Ref_No 25865). 94100). Another source of frustration concerns the generic assignment of Central American taxa, and a few South American taxa, which were excluded from the catch-all genus Cichlasoma by Kullander (1983). Distribution: Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. A few Neotropical cichlids are recorded from brackish water conditions. Typically diurnal. Body elongate. A cordlike ligament stretches from ceratohyal to dentary symphasis. Oviparous with pelagic eggs (Ref. 94100). Palatine and vomer toothless; caudal fin rounded; rounded lobes on anal and second dorsal fins giving fish the appearance of having three tails; dorsal fin with 12 spines and 15-16 soft rays; 24 vertebrae. Maximum length 70 cm, attained in Cepola rubescens. Colorful. Lateral line extending onto caudal fin. Anal fin rays 14-36. The single dorsal fin originates on the head and extends over nearly the full length of the body. Important food fishes. Parental care in 3 forms: mouthbrooding, substratebrooding, and substratebrooding of eggs then mouthbrooding of young. [9] Arguably, the most defining feature of Anguillidae is the fact that they inhabit freshwater, being the only family of eels to do so. Distinguished in having a relatively long palatine compared to the length of the vomer; rather than proximal, the post-temporal ventral arm is free from the neurocranium; the posterior portion of the lateral line lacking embedded, tubed scales; long upper jaw in both sexes, surpassing the posterior margin of the orbit; the insertion of the hyomandibula on the neurocranium is shifted posteriorly away from the orbit; the sphenotic bearing a small lateral spine; dorsal arm of the scapula reduced and free from the cleithrum (except Mccoskerichthys and at least one species of Neoclinus); unbranched caudal-fin rays (Ref. Some species widely introduced. Live specimens with exceedingly beautiful colors. Cichlids are recognized by several unambiguous anatomical synapomorphies. Pumps water with a branchiostegal instead of an opercular pump (Ref. Crenicichla species are known as jacundá in Brazil, añashúa in Peru, angoumot (French Guiana), mataguaro (Colombia, Venezuela), datra fisi (Surinam), cabeza amarga (Argentina and Uruguay). Scales covering head (including maxilla, snout, and occiput). Maximum length 75 cm. Caudal fin with 15 branched rays, rounded to emarginate. Ventral margins of the opercles overlapping below the isthmus, fimbriae on the ventral margins of the interopercles; presence of bony fimbriae extending from the ventral margin of the interopercle and posterodorsal margin of the opercle; lateral line strongly arched anteriad and approaching the dorsal midline (Ref. Dichistiidae - (Galjoen fishes) A few mouthbrooding species practice exclusive maternal brood care, with a minimum delay between egg-laying and oral incubation (Gymnogeophagus balzanii, NE Colombian Geophagus species). The single dorsal fin originates on the head and extends over nearly the full length of the body. 9850). 54714). Dinolestidae - (Long-finned pike) Some of the most enigmatic cases includes ‘Cichlasoma’ urophthalmus, of which Hubbs (1936) described numerous subspecies. Apparently spawns in the spring and has a marine larval stage, but the actual spawning site is unknown. The latter include many Crenicichla species and the genera Teleocichla and Retroculus, which are distributed mainly in the Brazilian and Guianan highlands. Some with the distal portion of the median-fin spines unossified (Ref. Because of the varied behavior and often attractive colors and moderate size, cichlids are commonly kept as ornamental fish. Caudal fin with 15 branched rays, rounded to emarginate. About 1.2 m maximum length. Freshwater species = ISCAAP 13; marine species = ISCAAP 39. Dorsal and anal fins long, extending to caudal fin base or confluent with caudal fin; dorsal fin with 60-80 stiff spines, anal fin with 0-3 spines and 43-52 soft rays. Maximum length about 60 cm reported for Heterostichus rostratus; mostly well below this size (Ref. No cirri on nape, may be present elsewhere on head. 7463. Protogynous hermaphrodites, with few dominant males. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Oceanic. Higher level names include bujurqui (Peru, most cichlids), acará (Brazil, most cichlids), mochoroca (Venezuela), mojarra (Ecuador, Colombia, throughout Central America), krobia (Surinam), prapra (French Guiana). Morphology: presence of convexitas superaxillaris, very large spherical protrusions that are elastic by touch on the body, located immediately under the base of the pectoral fin; with possible function in the system of cold resistance (anti-freeze secretion) and domination (Ref. Description: Oblong to fusiform, moderately compressed, medium-sized to small (to about Mouth and stomach very distensible. Cichla species are known locally as pavón (Venezuela, Colombia) or tucunaré (Brazil, Peru), the latter name expressed as lukanani (Guyana), toekoenali (Surinam), toukounaré (French Guiana) or similar names in the Guianas. Most species live in self-made burrows in muddy or fine-sand areas. Scaleless. No spines on anal fin. The cichlids are the most species-rich non-Ostariophysan fish family in freshwaters world-wide, and one of the major vertebrate families, with at least 1300 species and with estimates approaching 1900 species (Kullander, 1998). Introduced into many areas outside native range. On the whole it is not satisfactory to have one-third of the Neotropical cichlid fauna without a generic name, illustrating a real problem with the more formalized procedure of naming species, but it could also signify a safeguarding against doubtful species. Recent generic revisions cover Crenicichla (Ploeg, 1991; innumerable errors and inconsistencies), Gymnogeophagus (Reis & Malabarba, 1988), Apistogramma (Kullander, 1980, somewhat outdated), Cichlasoma (Kullander, 1983), Teleocichla (Kullander, 1988), Retroculus (Gosse, 1971), Geophagus s. lato (Gosse, 1976, somewhat outdated), Biotoecus (Kullander, 1989), and Mesonauta (Kullander & Silfvergrip, 1991). Symbiosis between a chaenopsid and a stony coral has been reported from the Caribbean. Bathydraconidae - (Antarctic dragonfishes) Dorsal fin with more spines than soft rays; all fin rays simple. Distribution: tropical western and eastern Atlantic, Indian and Pacific (mainly Indo-Pacific). Family Cheimarrhichthyidae is a monotypic family consisting of Cheimarrichthys fosteri which is found in fast-flowing rivers thoughout coastal New Zealand. 94114). Males are mouthbrooders. Cichlids are recognized by several unambiguous anatomical synapomorphies. Maximum length about 15 cm. No teeth in vomer and palatines. Subfamily Apogoninae Günther 1859 is known from the eastern Pacific, Atlantic basin and the Indo-Pacific; distribution is complete in the tropics and subtropical coastal zones down to nearly 300 meters; 75992). Pectoral fin rays 17-19. Dorsal fins far apart. Caudal-fin rays unbranched. A lateral line is present with about 50scales along its length. Vertebrae 30-34. Cheimarrichthyidae - (Torrentfish) Trunk lateral line represented by widely spaced pit organs (superficial neuromasts). Most species live in self-made burrows in muddy or fine-sand areas. Atlantic (tropical to temperate), Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Clinidae - (Clinids) Some with the distal portion of the median-fin spines unossified (Ref. Geographical ranges are commonly limited to a single river or even one or a few streams, reflecting both ecological constraints and drainage basin histories. Maxilla hidden from external view. Apparently spawns in the spring and has a marine larval stage, but the actual spawning site is unknown. Mouth small, terminal and protrusible with a band or rows of small brushlike teeth. Distribution: All tropical and temperate seas, except of mid-Indian and mid-Pacific Oceans. All the larger species are used as food fish, within a traditional artisanal and subsistence fishery, and all local markets in the lowland Amazon and Orinoco drainages offer Cichla, Astronotus, and other available species of sizes over 10 cm (Ferreira et al., 1998, for a market survey at Santarém). Body covered with small ctenoid scales; spines in dorsal fin 7-9; anal fin spines 2-3; a single spine in pelvic fin; soft rays 5. The pelvic fins are under the head, anterior to the broad pectoral fins. About 40 cm maximum length. There is no scientific monograph covering all Neotropical cichlid species, but numerous aquarium books of variable quality, of which Stawikowski & Werner (1998) may be consulted for the most updated compilation of cichlasomine cichlids. Hypurals fused into one plate. Suggested new common name for this family from Ref. The presence of characteristically shaped and distributed micro-branchiospines on the gill arches (Stiassny, 1981); Lateral line running along dorsal. Marine (often brackish); some in freshwater. Distribution: North and South America. Swim bladder absent. Mostly nest builders. Anabantidae - (Climbing gouramies) Breeding activities highly organized. Eggs are typically deposited on a substrate and both parents guard offspring over several weeks, even for some time after the young are free-swimming. Distribution: Americas and Atlantic Ocean. Pectoral fins very small. Opercular bone very much splintered or fimbriated. Chaet- (gr.) The species may reach an elevation of 700 meters and penetrate 300 kilometers inland from the coast. (2000: 146-229) summarize data for 38 cichlid species from French Guiana and adjacent countries; Greenfield & Thomerson (1997:184-206) cover 19 species from Belize Most surgeon fishes graze on benthic algae and have a long intestine; some feed mainly on zooplankton or detritus. Continuous dorsal fin with 10 spines, 11-17 soft rays; interspinal membranes with cirri. 2. Lateral line 33-73 scales. Epineural ribs in some trunk vertebrae fused proximally to corresponding pleural ribs. Important in aquaculture and commonly used in rice-fish farming. Higher level names include bujurqui (Peru, most cichlids), acará (Brazil, most cichlids), mochoroca (Venezuela), mojarra (Ecuador, Colombia, throughout Central America), krobia (Surinam), prapra (French Guiana). Highly compressed body. Separate gill membranes. 94102). 7463. Pelvic fins present in all but 2 species, before pectorals, with 1 short, inconspicuous spine and 2-4 segmented rays. Vertebrae 24-27 (modally 24). Lateral line 33-73 scales. Perch-like fishes with concave snout profiles. Forehead steep and high in adult males. Apparently spawns in the spring and has a marine larval stage, but the actual spawning site is unknown. Gill membranes not united to isthmus. Practically all genera and more than half of the species have been kept in aquaria at some time. Tropical and subtropical, near shore to about a depth of 300 m. Most in coral or rocky reefs, and still some inhabit seagrass and coralline algal meadows, soft-bottom communities estuaries and lowland freshwater of warm-temperate waters (Ref. Distribution: North and South America, tropical. Snout not very elongated. Nasal bones paired. Some root in sand for invertebrates and fishes. Another early major treatise is by Jardine (1843), based on the Schomburgk collection from Guyana, Brazil and Venezuela (Kullander & Stawikowski, 1997a-b, for identifications). The family Cichlidae was first monographed by Heckel (1840), based on the Natterer collection from Brazil (illustrations in Riedl-Dorn, 2000). Scales in lateral line often with three-lobed posterior extensions, except the most anterior scales. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic (off Europe and Mediterranean) and Indo-West Pacific (including New Zealand). There is considerable variation in the shape and of the toothplates and associated dentition, reflecting diet specializations. [26] Some species are known to burrow into the sea bed/sediment, including species that utilize head-first or tail-first burrowing techniques. Vertebrae usually 31 (10 + 21) (Ref. Distribution: North and South America. Suggested new common name for this family from Ref. Three spines in anal fin, soft rays usually 13 or 14. About 80 cm maximum length, in Boulengerochromis microlepis. Pectoral rays 10-18, unbranched. (= former Coracinidae) The species may reach an elevation of 700 meters and penetrate 300 kilometers inland from the coast. Sportfishing is concentrated on the Cichla species for which there is a strong North American and Brazilian market including sport fishing safaris and Tucunaré fishing contests predominantly in Brazil (Kelber, 1999). Attains 1.5 m maximum length. Creediidae - (Sandburrowers) Branchiostegal rays 6. Spawning takes place in open water near the surface. The depressed head, its flattened ventral surface, combined with the broad pectoral and pelvic fins are hydrodynamically attuned to the swift-flowing currents. Anal fin 0-2 spines. Clinidae - (Clinids) Vertebrae 26-28. Body elongate. Swim bladder usually absent in adults, except in Phenablennius, Omox, and most Nemophini. Also misspelled Centrogeniidae (Ref. 94100). The transversus dorsalis anterior muscle is subdivided into four distinct parts (Liem & Greenwood). Slightly bulging eyes. Scaleless. The cichlids are the most species-rich non-Ostariophysan fish family in freshwaters world-wide, and one of the major vertebrate families, with at least 1300 species and with estimates approaching 1900 species (Kullander, 1998). Body color usually red or pink. No spines; soft rays 48-65. Cichlids are absent from the Río Marañón above the Pongo de Manseriche and from the Río Ucayali drainage upstream of Atalaya (the mouth of the Río Urubamba [Río Vilcanota] and Río Tombo [Río Apurimac]). The presence of an extensive cartilaginous cap on the anterior margin of each second epibranchial bone (Stiassny, 1981); About 1.2 m maximum length. Cirrhitidae - (Hawkfishes) The first modern phylogenetic revision of the Neotropical cichlids was presented by Cichocki (1976), and most recently Kullander (1988) and Farias et al. Moderately elongate and compressed fishes with small mouths and thick lips. Widely forked caudal fin. Another early major treatise is by Jardine (1843), based on the Schomburgk collection from Guyana, Brazil and Venezuela (Kullander & Stawikowski, 1997a-b, for identifications). On the whole it is not satisfactory to have one-third of the Neotropical cichlid fauna without a generic name, illustrating a real problem with the more formalized procedure of naming species, but it could also signify a safeguarding against doubtful species. The southern limit of the family in South America is not well documented, but may be in the lower Río Negro in Argentina, which river marks the northern limit of Patagonia. Teeth in jaws comblike, fixed or movable (canine teeth occasionally present). Detached finlets, as many as nine, sometimes found behind dorsal and anal fins. Most Atlantic coastal rivers of Brazil have 1-3 species of cichlids. Pelvic fins may be lacking in some; with 6 rays when present. Opercular bone very much splintered or fimbriated. Distribution: Indian, western Pacific, and Gulf of Mexico. Also misspelled Centrogeniidae (Ref. Higher level names include bujurqui (Peru, most cichlids), acará (Brazil, most cichlids), mochoroca (Venezuela), mojarra (Ecuador, Colombia, throughout Central America), krobia (Surinam), prapra (French Guiana). Distribution: North and South America. 36343). No teeth in vomer and palatines. Freshwater species = ISCAAP 13; marine species = ISCAAP 39. Eyes dorsally placed and somewhat protrusible; with or without eye stalk. No spines in fins. Lower jaw jutted. Continuous dorsal fin with 10 spines, 11-17 soft rays; interspinal membranes with cirri. Dorsal spines 3-17, flexible; 9-119 segmented soft rays. Dorsal fin with 43-49 branched and unbranched rays and anal fin with 31-36 rays, these counts including 1-6 weak, flexible spines at front of dorsal fin and 1 or 2 in anal fin. Swim bladder absent. Paracaristiinae ((Paracaristius, Neocaristius): small mouth, end of maxillary bone hardly extends beyond vertical through middle of eye; upper jaw totally covered by suborbitalia; wide suborbital region (width 9.5-14.5% SL); Pelvic fins broad or elongate. 7463). Distribution: lowlands of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Mahanadi basins, in Nepal, India, and Bangladesh; and, Irrawaddy in Myanmar and China (Dario species). [3] Unlike most eels, freshwater eels have not lost their scales, and instead have soft, thin, scales that are embedded in the epidermis. Swim bladder usually absent in adults, except in Phenablennius, Omox, and most Nemophini. 7463); marine and estuarine, rarely freshwater (Ref. The geographical distribution includes freshwaters of Africa (900 valid species, estimated more than 1300 species), the Jordan Valley in the Middle East (four species), Iran (one species), southern India and Sri Lanka (3 species, also in brackish water), Madagascar (17 valid species, some also in brackish water), Cuba and Hispaniola (4 valid species, some in brackish water), North America and isthmian Central America (95 valid species), and South America (290 valid species ) (Kullander, 1998, updated). Deep bodied. Two anteriorly directed processes in swim bladder. Vertebrae 30-34. Most Neotropical Cichlidae are moderately to strongly sex dimorphic, and breed pairwise. - a genus change for the other Datnioididae species that have been assigned to Coius but are not Anabantidae. (1999) have provided phylogenetic hypotheses based on morphology and molecular data respectively. 7463). Warm temperate to tropical (Ref. Günther (1868, based on several shorter papers) described and illustrated a large part of the Central American cichlid fauna, followed by Regan (1906-1908). Dichistiidae - (Galjoen fishes) Postcleithrum 1. Three spines in anal fin, soft rays usually 13 or 14. Caristiinae (Caristius, Platyberyx): large mouth with maxillary bone reaching vertical through posterior margin of orbit; narrow infraorbital region (width 2-4% SL); upper jaw completely free of suborbitalia; well-pronounced palatine and vomer teeth; well developed lateral line, presence of distinct tubular scales or poorly pronounced (traces); 36-49 vertebrae, without urostyle; flexible and elastic fin rays (Ref. Caudal fin rounded, truncate or forked. 7463). The loss of a major structural association between parts A2 and Aw of the adductor mandibulae muscle and the musculous insertion of a large ventral section of A2 onto the posterior border of the ascending process of the anguloarticular (Stiassny, 1981); Most species occur as heterosexual pairs. 96888). 96888). Suggested new common name for this family from Ref. Paulin (Ref. Body shape quite variable, mostly moderately deep and compressed. Bathydraconidae - (Antarctic dragonfishes) Trunk lateral line represented by widely spaced pit organs (superficial neuromasts). Callionymidae - (Dragonets) Higher level names include bujurqui (Peru, most cichlids), acará (Brazil, most cichlids), mochoroca (Venezuela), mojarra (Ecuador, Colombia, throughout Central America), krobia (Surinam), prapra (French Guiana). Attain total lengths of 31-127 cm. Mainly temperate in both southern and northern hemispheres (Ref. Vertebrae 10-13 abdominal, 23-42 caudal. 76788). Scales in lateral line often with three-lobed posterior extensions, except the most anterior scales. Most occurring in shallow coastal marine waters, in rocky intertidal areas, coral reefs, mangroves, oyster beds and in the lower reaches of most rivers (Ref. Among Neotropical fishes they can be recognized externally by the possession of 7-24 (usually 13-16) spines in the dorsal fin, 2-12 (usually 3, rarely more than 5) anal-fin spines; and a single nostril on each side of the head. No spines; soft rays 48-65. Adults with pelvic fins. Gill membranes separate. Dorsal and anal fin bases long.
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